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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) strategies:
This is the most extensively evaluated psychological intervention. The aim of CBT is to change the way in which patients perceive and respond to pain and help them develop better coping skills1, 2, 5. Complex cases may require the expertise from a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist1, 2. There are different versions of CBT; some place more emphasis on:
- behaviour changes, while others focus more on
- cognitive changes.
Cognitive therapies aim to identify and modify patients’ cognitions (eg. the meaning of pain) about their pain and disability. It fosters thoughts, emotions and actions that are adaptive for managing a life with pain (e.g. distraction, visualisation, positive self-talk, problem solving and self-monitoring)1, 5.
Behavioural approaches are based on the theories of learning and conditioning. It aims to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviours and develop beneficial behaviours that give the individual greater control (e.g. through positive reinforcement, biofeedback, progressive relaxation and applied relaxation techniques)1, 5.
Other psychological interventions:
Other psychological interventions may involve1, 17:
| - Graded muscle relaxation |
- Sleep-wake cycle management |
| - Stress management strategies |
- Structured problem solving |
| - Drug and alcohol counselling |
- Vocational rehabilitation |
| - Interpersonal or relationship therapy |
- Slow breathing exercises |
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