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Drug treatment is not very effective alone in the treatment of persistent, complex pain syndromes, unless administered in conjunction with other psychological interventions1, 2, 3, 5.
Where possible non-drug treatment strategies should be introduced early and may include1, 3, 5:
- Patient/family education
- Preventing deconditioning with “paced” physical exercise
- Psychological interventions
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Other psychological interventions
- Physiotherapy
- Relaxation techniques
- Social and occupational functioning
- Complementary and alternative therapies
- Surgery and other invasive procedures
- Spinal cord stimulators
- Epidural corticosteroid injections
- Diagnostic spinal assessment
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